In this study, the distribution of boron carbide in the stir zone of the FSPed specimens was examined experimentally and numerically about probe shape, including circular, square, and hexagonal shapes. First, composites were created using different tools. Then, using an optical microscope, the microstructural properties of the samples, such as the size and shape of the silicon particles, were examined. To simulate the procedure and further explore particle distribution, the coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian (CEL) method is employed. The tool was also modeled using a Lagrangian formulation while the material was characterized using an Eulerian formulation. The model predicted the changes in strain and temperature in composites created with different probe shapes. The outcome demonstrated that the circular probe was not suitable for the production of composites because it could not disperse particles in the parent alloy. tools with flat surfaces, such as square and hexagonal tools, have more evenly distributed metal particles. Square probes can be employed in the FSP process to create composites and offer the best performance in terms of reinforcing particle distribution in the metal matrix. Due to the greater distribution of reinforcing particles, the sample made with a square tool had the highest hardness. Using a tool with a square pin improves the average hardness by 8 and 21%, respectively, compared to hexagonal and circular tools.

Background: Diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer often involves several surgical procedures. Women with breast cancer are asked repeatedly to report their breast surgery history, often elicited in an open-ended format and relying on patient recall. Electronic medical records (EMR) and other medical documentation are not always readily available. No comprehensive, validated patient-reported measure of breast surgery history exists. We developed a close-coded, digital survey tool to elicit patient-reported breast surgery history (probe-SH). Methods: We administered the probe-SH survey tool to a convenience sample of patients with a history of breast cancer. We compared probe-SH data to both surgical history documented in patients’,EMR and open-ended surgical history ascertained from patient-completed clinic intake forms. Sensitivity/specificity analyses and McNemar’, s tests were performed. Results: Data from fifty patients (median age 53. 5 years, range 31-71, 70% non-Hispanic white) were analyzed. The sensitivity of the probe-SH for accurately identifying surgical history was 100% for mastectomy, lumpectomy 96%, mastectomy sidedness 100% (right) and 100% (left), lumpectomy sidedness 36% (right) 55% (left), lymphadenectomy 64%, breast reconstruction 89%, and presence of a native nipple 100% (right) and 100% (left). Open-ended surgical history was more than 90% sensitive for identifying mastectomy and lumpectomy only. The probe-SH was significantly more sensitive than open-ended surgical history for identifying mastectomy sidedness (P<0. 01), lymphadenectomy (P<0. 01), and breast reconstruction (P<0. 01). Conclusion: Ascertaining accurate breast surgical history is important in the context of clinical care and for research purposes. The probe-SH is a comprehensive, highly sensitive alternative to obtaining an open-ended breast surgical history when EMR data or other medical documentation are not available.

In the present study, the effects of process and geometrical parameters on the maximum temperature of tool have been investigated. Simulation of mild steel machining process in different cutting depths, speed of rotation (SOR), feeding rates, and different rake angles was performed. To verify the simulation, numerical results were compared with experimental results. Based on the results, it was found that by increasing the speed of rotation at a constant cutting depth and a constant feed rate, the maximum temperature of the process experiences a significant increase. By increasing the depth of the cut, the geometric location of the workpiece maximum temperature was transmitted to the edge of the tool and surface changes occurred, which it was accompanied with increment in the depth of the cut. The tool with the rake angle of-10° and the depth of cutting of 2 mm had the highest recorded temperature due to the lack of sufficient space for removing chips from the work surface.

In this research, Al-SiC composites were produced using FSP tools with different pin shapes to investigate the distribution of reinforcing particles in the base metal. First, to obtain the optimal rotational and traverse speed and tilt angle, several tests were performed on different parameters. The results showed that the rotational speed of 1250 rpm and the traverse speed of 100 mm/min in all tools produced flawless samples. Then, tools with different tool pin profiles of triflate, cylindrical, threaded, triangular, square, and hexagonal were utilized in this study. The distribution of reinforcing particles in the base metal was studied using a light microscope. The results showed that the cylindrical tool was not able to distribute particles in the base metal even after four passes of the process and was not a suitable tool for composite production. tools with flat surfaces, such as square and triangular tools, have performed better in distributing reinforcing particles in the base metal. The results showed that the presence of a kind of eccentricity and pulse production in these tools had improved the distribution of particles. Threaded and hexagonal tools have the best performance in the distribution of reinforcing particles in the base metal and can be introduced as a suitable tool for composite products in the FSP process. The results of this study also showed that the change in the direction of tool rotation improved the distribution of reinforcing particles in all tools.